Agatha Christie No Copyright Stories To Read Or Download Legally

Do you want to read or download Agatha Christie no copyright stories?

Yes, all those Agatha Christie books in the public domain.

It simply means these Agatha Christie no copyright stories can be legally shared, without permission or fee.

Agatha Christie Public Domain 2022

agatha christie books public domain

Six novels, one short story collection and thirty-one short stories by Dame Agatha Christie are in public domain now (2022).

On January 1, 2022, copyright expired for all works published in the United States in 1926.

The long list of Agatha Christie work stated below are in the public domain in the United States.

Firstly, they were published before January 1, 1926.

In addition, Agatha Christie died in 1976, so her works as mentioned below, are also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author’s life plus 30 years or less.

Is Hercule Poirot public domain?

The Poirot books are still under copyright in the United Kingdom.

The Mysterious Affair At Styles“, “The Murder On The Links” and “Poirot Investigates” are now public domain in the US, but will not become public domain in the UK until 2046 (70 years after Christie’s death).

Agatha Christie no copyright stories

These short stories and novels may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

All the links of Agatha Christie no copyright stories curated below are authentic and they go directly to the free e-books.

In other words, you do not have to sign up any account or get redirected to some suspicious sites.

You just click on any of the links of the books or stories, and you get the free Agatha Christie no copyright stories there and then.

Note: Not all the books mentioned below are in public domain, except the six novels as listed below.

I have also included the audiobooks and the TV adaptations of most of the Agatha Christie no copyright stories below.

Agatha Christie No Copyright Stories 

Now, let’s check out the complete Agatha Christie public domain stories, as of year 2022.

These are the six (6) of Agatha Christie’s out of seventy-four detective novels you can download or read online free.

Here are the public domain Agatha Christie books in order:

No Copyright Agatha Christie Novels

the mysterious affair at styles agatha christie

The Mysterious Affair At Styles: A Detective Story (1920)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5, Link 6, Link 7, Link 8, Link 9

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


the secret adversary public domain 2021

The Secret Adversary (1922)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5, Link 6, Link 7, Link 8, Link 9, Link 10, Link 11, Link 12

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.

Abenteurer G.m.b.H agatha christie story

Watch the 1929 silent film (Die Abenteurer G.m.b.H) a German adaption of “The Secret Adversaryhere.


the murder on the links public domain

The Murder On The Links: A Hercule Poirot Mystery (1923)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5, Link 6, Link 7, Link 8, Link 9

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Man In The Brown Suit Agatha Christie

The Man In The Brown Suit (1924)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5, Link 6

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV movie here.


the secret of chimneys agatha christie no copy-right book

The Secret Of Chimneys (1925)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


the murder of roger ackroyd public domain 2022

The Murder Of Roger Ackroyd (1926)
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5, Link 6, Link 7, Link 8

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


Agatha Christie Public Domain Short Story Collections

Here are various sources of Agatha Christie short stories pdf free download:

poirot investigates agatha christie free ebook

Poirot Investigates (1924)

This is the third work in the Hercule Poirot series.

It comprises of a collection of 11 short stories:

The Adventure of “The Western Star” – The Tragedy at Marsdon Manor – The Adventure of the Cheap Flat – The Mystery of Hunter’s Lodge – The Million Dollar Bond Robbery – The Adventure of the Egyptian Tomb – The Jewel Robbery at the Grand Metropolitan – The Kidnapped Prime Minister – The Disappearance of Mr Davenheim – The Adventure of the Italian Nobleman – The Case of the Missing Will

Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5

poirot investigates agatha christie us version

In 1925, this book was published in the U.S. with additional three stories: The Chocolate Box, The Veiled Lady, and The Lost Mine.

Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4

Listen to the audiobook here.


Agatha Christie No Copyright Stories

the wife of the kenite agatha christie free story

The Wife Of The Kenite (The Home, September, 1922)
Click on this: Link

This short story first appeared in print was in the September 1922 issue of  The Home magazine, an Australian publication, on pages 28 & 96.

agatha christie story home magazine 1922

Note: You can read the original published story in “The Home” magazine” over here and here.

wife of the kenite Home magazine 1922


The Affair At The Victory Ball

the affair at the victory ball no copyright story

It was first published in The Sketch March 7, 1923 in the U.K.

blue book magazine september 1923 agatha christie

In 1923, it was published in the September 1923 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

the underdog and other stories

In 1951, the story appeared as part of the anthology “The Underdog And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click any of these: Link 1, Link 2

Poirot's Early Cases public domain

In 1974, it was anthologized and published as part of “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Jewel Robbery At The Grand Metropolitan

The Jewel Robbery At The Grand Metropolitan public domain

It was first published in The Sketch March 4, 1923 as “The Curious Disappearance of the Opalsen Pearls” in the U.K.

the blue book magazine october 1923 agatha christie

In 1923, it was published in the October 1923 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “Mrs Opalsen’s Pearls” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The King Of Clubs

The King Of Clubs Agatha Christie public domain

It was first published in The Sketch March 21, 1923 in the U.K. as “The Adventure Of the King Of Clubs“.

the blue book magazine november 1923 agatha christie

In 1923, it was published in the November 1923 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The King Of Clubs” in the U.S.

In 1951, it appeared as part of the anthology “The Underdog And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it was anthologized and published as part of “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1Link 2

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Disappearance Of Mr. Davenheim

the disappearance of mr davenheim public domain

It was first published in The Sketch March 28, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine december 1923 agatha christie

In 1923, it was published in the December 1923 The Blue Book Magazine,  under the title “Mr Davenby Disappears“.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Plymouth Express 

the plymouth express affair agatha christie

It was first published in The Sketch April 4, 1923 in the U.K. as “The Mystery Of The Plymouth Express“.

the blue book january 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the January 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Plymouth Express Affair” in the U.S.

(Another link here.)

In 1951, it appeared as part of the anthology “The Under Dog And Other Stories” under the title “The Plymouth Express” in the U.S.
Click on any of the the: Link 1Link 2

In 1974, it was anthologized and published as part of “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.

In 1928, it was expanded into the full-length novel “The Mystery Of The Blue Train“, with a very similar plot, but with names and details changed.

the mystery of the blue train agatha christie public domain

The Mystery Of The Blue Train
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.

Free Foreign Translations:

le train bleu agatha christie french language book

French version “Le Train Bleu” is over here.

der blaue express agatha christie German language

German version “Der Blaue Express” is over here.


The Adventure Of The Western Star

the adventure of the western star agatha christie no copyright

It was first published in The Sketch April 11, 1923 in the U.K. as “The Adventure Of The Western Star“.

the blue book magazine February 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the February 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Western Star” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Tragedy At Marsdon Manor

the tragedy at marsdon manor agatha christie

It was first published in The Sketch April, 18 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine march 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the March 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Marsdon Manor Tragedy” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Kidnapped Prime Minister

the kidnapped prime minister public domain

It was first published in The Sketch April 25, 1923 in the U.K., under the title “The Kidnapped Prime Minister“.

the blue book magazine July 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the July 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Kidnapped Premier” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Million Dollar Bond Robbery

million dollar bond robbery agatha christie

It was first published in The Sketch May 2, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine april 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the April 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Great Bond Robbery” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Adventure Of The Cheap Flat

the adventure of the cheap flat agatha christie no copyright

It was first published in The Sketch in May 9, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine May 1924 agatha christie

In 1924, it was published in the May 1924 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Mystery Of Hunter’s Lodge

the mystery of hunter's lodge free ebook

It was first published in The Sketch May 16, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine June 1924 agatha christie poirot

In 1924, it was published in the June 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Hunter’s Lodge Case” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Chocolate Box

the chocolate box agatha christie

It was first published in The Sketch May 23, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine February 1925 agatha christie poirot

In 1925, it was published in the February 1925 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Chocolate Box” in the U.S.

In 1925, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4

In 1974, it was anthologized in the collection “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Adventure Of The Egyptian Tomb

the adventure of the Egyptian Tomb poirot

It was first published in The Sketch September 26, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine August 1924 Hercule Poirot

In 1924, it was published in the August 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Egyptian Adventure” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Veiled Lady

the veiled lady agatha christie

It was first published in The Sketch October 3, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine March 1925 Hercule Poirot

In 1925, it was published in the March 1925 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Veiled Lady” in the U.S.

In 1925, it was included in the U.S. edition of the collection “Poirot Investigates“.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4

Poirot Lends A Hand Agatha Christie

In 1946, it appeared in the collection “Poirot Lends A Hand” by Francis Hodgson Polybooks in U.K.

problem at pollensa bay agatha christie

It comprise of three short stories: “Problem At Pollensa Bay“, “The Regatta Mystery” and “The Veiled Lady“.

In 1974, it was included in “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Adventure Of Johnnie Waverly 

The Adventure Of Johnnie Waverly free ebook

It was first published in The Sketch, October 10, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine June 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the June 1925 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Adventure Of Johnnie Waverly” in the U.S.

Three Blind Mice And Other Stories pdf

In 1950, it was included in the collection “Three Blind Mice and Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it anthologized in “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Market Basing Mystery

the market bashing mystery poirot public domain

It was first published in The Sketch, October 17, 1923 in the U.K.

the blue book magazine May 1925 agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the May 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

In 1951, the story appeared as part of the anthology “The Underdog And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it was anthologized and published as part of “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Note: The plot device in “Murder In The Mews” is a rewrite of “The Market Basing Mystery“.

Murder In The Mews Agatha Christie PDF

Murder In The Mews: Four Cases Of Hercule Poirot
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2


The Adventure Of The Italian Nobleman

The Adventure Of The Italian Nobleman PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, October 24, 1923 in the U.K.

The Blue Book Magazine December 1924 Agatha Christie

In 1924, it was published in the December 1924 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Italian Nobleman” in the U.S.

In 1924, it appeared as part of the anthology “Poirot Investigates” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Case Of The Missing Will

The Case Of The Missing Will Agatha Christie PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, October 31, 1923 in the U.K.

In 1924, it was included in the collection “Poirot Investigates” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

The Blue Book Magazine January 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the January 1925 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Missing Will” in the U.S.

In 1925, it was included in the collection “Poirot Investigates” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Incredible Theft

The Incredible Theft Agatha Christie

It was first published in The Sketch, November 7, 1923 in the U.K.

This novella which was an expanded version of “The Submarine Plans“, a short story first published in The Sketch, November 7, 1923 in the U.K.

The Submarine Plans Agatha Christie public domain

To read “The Submarine Plans“, click on this: Link

The Blue Book Magazine July 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the July 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

It was published in 7 installments in The Daily Express newspaper from 6-12 April 1937.

Each part is accompanied with an illustration by Steven Spurrier.

Murder In The Mews And Other Stories PDF

That same year (1937), it was included in the anthology “Murder In the Mews And Other Stories” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Listen to the audiobook here.

Note: The U.S. version of “Murder In the Mews And Other Storiesdid not contain “The Incredible Theft” when first published there in 1937.

It was included in the 1987 edition.

Murder In The Mews And Other Stories 1987 US Edition

Listen to the audiobook of “Murder In the Mews And Other Storieshere.

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Adventure Of The Clapham Cook

Adventure Of The Clapham Cook PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, November 14, 1923 in the U.K.

The Blue Book Magazine September 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the September 1925 The Blue Book Magazine under the title “The Clapham Cook” in the U.S.

The Second Omnibus Of Crime Agatha Christie

In 1932, it was republished in a collection of short stories entitled “The Second Omnibus of Crime” edited by Dorothy Leigh Sayers (from page 130) in the U.S.

In 1951, this story is also found in “The Underdog and Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it was published as part of the anthology “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Lost Mine

The Lost Mine Agatha Christie PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, November 21, 1923 in the U.K.

The Blue Book Magazine April 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the April 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

In 1925, it was included in the collection “Poirot Investigates” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

In 1974, it was anthologized in “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Cornish Mystery

The Cornish Mystery PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, November 28, 1923 in the U.K.

The Blue Book magazine October 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the October 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

In 1951, it was included in the collection “The Under Dog And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it anthologized in “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Double Clue

The Double Clue Agatha Christie PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, December 5, 1923 in the U.K.

The Blue Book Magazine August 1925 Agatha Christie story

In 1925, it was published in the August 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

Double Sin And Other Stories Agatha Christie

In 1961, it was included in the anthology “Double Sin And Other Stories” in the U.S
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3,Link 4

In 1974, it was included in “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Adventure Of The Christmas Pudding

The Adventure Of The Christmas Pudding PDF

It was first published in The Sketch, December 12, 1923 in the U.K.

In 1943, it was published as part of “Problem At Pollensa Bay And Christmas Adventure” in the U.K.

Poirot Knows The Murderer Agatha Christie

In 1946 it was included in “Poirot Knows The Murderer” under the title “Christmas Adventure” in the U.K.

In 1960, it was serialized in the This Week magazine in two installments from 25 September to 2 October 1960 under the title “The Theft Of The Royal Ruby” in the U.S.

With illustrations by William Arthur Smith.

In 1961, it was included in the collection “Double Sin and Other Stories“, under the title “The Theft Of The Royal Ruby” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4

Woman's Illustrated December 1960 Agatha Christie

In the U.K., the story was also serialized in Women’s Illustrated magazine from 24 December 1960 to 7 January 1961 also under the title of “The Theft Of The Royal Ruby“.

The Adventure Of The Christmas Pudding And A Selection Of Entrée

In 1960 it was included in “The Adventure Of The Christmas Pudding And A Selection Of Entrées” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3, Link 4, Link 5

While The Light Lasts And Other Stories

In 1997, it was reprinted in “While The Light Lasts And Other Stories“, under the title “Christmas Adventure” in the U.K.
Click on this: Link

Listen to the audiobook “The Adventure Of The Christmas Pudding And A Selection Of Entréeshere.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Lemesurier Inheritance

The Lemesurier Inheritance Agatha Christie

It was first published in The Magpie Magazine December 25, 1923.

The Blue Book Magazine November 1925 Agatha Christie

In 1925, it was published in the in the November 1925 The Blue Book Magazine in the U.S.

In 1951, it appeared as part of the anthology “The Underdog and Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

In 1974, it was anthologized and published as part of “Poirot’s Early Cases” in the U.K.
Click on any of these : Link 1, Link 2, Link 3


The Witness For The Prosecution (1924)

Witness For The Prosecution Agatha Christie

This story is so popular that it has been adapted for film, TV and radio and play.

Flynn's Issued Weekly Agatha Christie

It was first published in Flynn’s Weekly 31 January 1925, under the title “Traitor Hands” in the U.K.

The Hound Dogs And Other Stories Agatha Christie

In 1933, it was published in the collection “The Hound Of Death And Other Stories” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

witness for the prosecution and other stories

In 1948, it was included in the collection “The Witness For The Prosecution And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

Witness For The Prosecution 1957 Film

Watch the 1957 movie version here.

Witness For The Prosecution 1982 TV Movie

Watch the 1982 movie version here

Witness For The Prosecution 2016 TV Adaptation

Watch the 2016 2-episode TV adaptation here and here.


The Girl In The Train

The Girl In The Train Agatha Christie short story

It was first published in the Grand Magazine in February 1924.

The Listerdale Mystery Agatha Christie

In 1934, it was published as part of the anthology “The Listerdale Mystery” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

The golden Ball And Other Stories Agatha Christie

In 1971, it was published in “The Golden Ball And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Red Signal (1924)

The Red Signal Agatha Christie

It was first published in a book in “The Hound Of Death And Other Stories” in 1933 in the U.K.

Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

In 1948, it was included in “The Witness For The Prosecution And Other Stories” in the U.S.

Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

Listen to the audiobook here.

Watch the TV adaptation here.


The Sign In The Sky

The Sign In The Sky Agatha Christie

It is based on the comic servant character of Harlequin from the Italian Commedia dell’arte, an early form of professional theatre, originating in Italy.

The Mysterious Mr.Quin free online

It is from the short story collection “The Mysterious Mr Quin” published in 1930 in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3


At The ‘Bells And Motley’

Bells And Motley Agatha Christie Short Story

It is from the short story collection “The Mysterious Mr Quin” published in 1930 in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3


The Listerdale Mystery

The Listerdale Mystery PDF

It is a short story first published in the Grand Magazine in December 1925 in the U.K.

In 1934, it was published as part of the anthology with the same name “The Listerdale Mystery” in the U.K.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2, Link 3

In 1971, it was included in the “The Golden Ball And Other Stories” in the U.S.
Click on any of these: Link 1, Link 2

Listen to the audiobook here.

This is a complete list Agatha Christie no copyright stories which you read online or download them legally.

Credit: All The Blue Book Magazine covers are from Philsp.com

Disclaimer: I do not publish or host the books or the movies on this site. They are copyrighted to their respective owners. All content cited is derived from their respective sources.